1. Git的安装¶
本文讲解在CentOS7中安装较高版本的git分布式版本控制系统。
实验环境¶
- server服务端: 操作系统为CentOS 7.6，IP:192.168.56.14。
- client客户端: 操作系统为CentOS 7.6，IP:192.168.56.15。
查看server服务端信息:
[root@server ~]# cat /etc/centos-release
CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core)
[root@server ~]# ip a show|grep 192
inet 192.168.56.14/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global noprefixroute enp0s3
查看client客户端信息:
[root@client ~]# cat /etc/centos-release
CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core)
[root@client ~]# ip a show |grep 192
inet 192.168.56.15/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global noprefixroute enp0s3
不使用第三方源安装git¶
使用yum安装git，不使用第三方源安装git，是较低版本的git:
[root@server ~]# yum install git -y
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
* centos-sclo-rh: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
* extras: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
* updates: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
updates/7/x86_64/primary_db | 5.0 MB 00:00:04
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package git.x86_64 0:1.8.3.1-20.el7 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: perl-Git = 1.8.3.1-20.el7 for package: git-1.8.3.1-20.el7.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: perl(Git) for package: git-1.8.3.1-20.el7.x86_64
--> Running transaction check
---> Package perl-Git.noarch 0:1.8.3.1-20.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
====================================================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
====================================================================================================================================
Installing:
git x86_64 1.8.3.1-20.el7 updates 4.4 M
Installing for dependencies:
perl-Git noarch 1.8.3.1-20.el7 updates 55 k
Transaction Summary
====================================================================================================================================
Install 1 Package (+1 Dependent package)
Total download size: 4.4 M
Installed size: 22 M
Downloading packages:
(1/2): perl-Git-1.8.3.1-20.el7.noarch.rpm | 55 kB 00:00:01
(2/2): git-1.8.3.1-20.el7.x86_64.rpm | 4.4 MB 00:00:04
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 1.1 MB/s | 4.4 MB 00:00:04
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Installing : git-1.8.3.1-20.el7.x86_64 1/2
Installing : perl-Git-1.8.3.1-20.el7.noarch 2/2
Verifying : perl-Git-1.8.3.1-20.el7.noarch 1/2
Verifying : git-1.8.3.1-20.el7.x86_64 2/2
Installed:
git.x86_64 0:1.8.3.1-20.el7
Dependency Installed:
perl-Git.noarch 0:1.8.3.1-20.el7
Complete!
[root@server ~]#
查看git版本:
[root@server ~]# git --version
git version 1.8.3.1
可以发现git版本是1.8.3.1，而当前(2019年6月4日)官方上面最新版本的git是2.21版本，因此我们通过第三方源将git升级到高版本。
安装依赖包¶
安装依赖包:
[root@server ~]# yum install curl-devel expat-devel gettext-devel openssl-devel zlib-devel autoconf gcc -y
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
* centos-sclo-rh: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
* extras: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
* updates: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
Package libcurl-devel-7.29.0-51.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package expat-devel-2.1.0-10.el7_3.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package gettext-devel-0.19.8.1-2.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package 1:openssl-devel-1.0.2k-16.el7_6.1.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package zlib-devel-1.2.7-18.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package autoconf-2.69-11.el7.noarch already installed and latest version
Package gcc-4.8.5-36.el7_6.2.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Nothing to do
- 安装第三方源
参考:https://git-scm.com/download/linux
安装epel-release源:
[root@server ~]# rpm -ivh https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/epel-release-latest-7.noarch.rpm
Retrieving https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/epel-release-latest-7.noarch.rpm
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
package epel-release-7-11.noarch is already installed
安装ius-release源:
[root@server ~]# rpm -ivh https://centos7.iuscommunity.org/ius-release.rpm --force
Retrieving https://centos7.iuscommunity.org/ius-release.rpm
warning: /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.lWVMsi: Header V4 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 4b274df2: NOKEY
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:ius-release-2-1.el7.ius ################################# [100%]
查看git2u的信息页:
[root@server ~]# yum info git2u
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
* centos-sclo-rh: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
* extras: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
* updates: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
Available Packages
Name : git2u
Arch : x86_64
Version : 2.16.5
Release : 1.ius.centos7
Size : 1.1 M
Repo : ius/x86_64
Summary : Fast Version Control System
URL : https://git-scm.com
License : GPLv2
Description : Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
: unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
: and full access to internals.
:
: The git rpm installs common set of tools which are usually using with
: small amount of dependencies. To install all git packages, including
: tools for integrating with other SCMs, install the git-all meta-package.
通过第三方库安装git¶
安装git2u:
[root@server ~]# yum install git2u -y
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.neusoft.edu.cn
* centos-sclo-rh: mirrors.neusoft.edu.cn
* epel: fedora.cs.nctu.edu.tw
* extras: mirrors.neusoft.edu.cn
* updates: mirrors.cn99.com
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package git2u.x86_64 0:2.16.5-1.ius.el7 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: git2u-perl-Git = 2.16.5-1.ius.el7 for package: git2u-2.16.5-1.ius.el7.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: git2u-core-doc = 2.16.5-1.ius.el7 for package: git2u-2.16.5-1.ius.el7.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: git2u-core = 2.16.5-1.ius.el7 for package: git2u-2.16.5-1.ius.el7.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: perl(Git::I18N) for package: git2u-2.16.5-1.ius.el7.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: perl(Git) for package: git2u-2.16.5-1.ius.el7.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: libsecret-1.so.0()(64bit) for package: git2u-2.16.5-1.ius.el7.x86_64
--> Running transaction check
---> Package git2u-core.x86_64 0:2.16.5-1.ius.el7 will be installed
---> Package git2u-core-doc.noarch 0:2.16.5-1.ius.el7 will be installed
---> Package git2u-perl-Git.noarch 0:2.16.5-1.ius.el7 will be installed
---> Package libsecret.x86_64 0:0.18.6-1.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
====================================================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
====================================================================================================================================
Installing:
git2u x86_64 2.16.5-1.ius.el7 ius 1.1 M
Installing for dependencies:
git2u-core x86_64 2.16.5-1.ius.el7 ius 5.5 M
git2u-core-doc noarch 2.16.5-1.ius.el7 ius 2.4 M
git2u-perl-Git noarch 2.16.5-1.ius.el7 ius 68 k
libsecret x86_64 0.18.6-1.el7 base 153 k
Transaction Summary
====================================================================================================================================
Install 1 Package (+4 Dependent packages)
查看git版本:
[root@server ~]# git --version
git version 2.16.5
查看git是否支持http和https协议:
[root@server ~]# find / -name 'git*'|grep git-remote-http
/usr/libexec/git-core/git-remote-http
/usr/libexec/git-core/git-remote-https
说明git支持http和https协议，说明git安装成功！
创建git用户并配置密钥¶
创建git用户:
[root@server ~]# useradd git
[root@server ~]# cat /etc/passwd|grep git
git:x:1001:1001::/home/git:/bin/bash
设置git账户的密码:
[root@server ~]# echo "hellogit" |passwd --stdin git
Changing password for user git.
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
说明: --stdin 参数表明从标准输入或管道中读入新密码。
切换到git账户，并创建密钥:
[root@server git]# su git
[git@server ~]$ whoami
git
[git@server ~]$ pwd
/home/git
[git@server ~]$ ssh-keygen
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/home/git/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory '/home/git/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /home/git/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /home/git/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:IahNqm2BLRFt0hFS6A0MxD5NX04iWt2Iw6CvFWH38Xg git@server.hopewait
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
|OBOo+ + |
|+B+X * B |
|=oO * O E |
| X O . + . |
|o O . S |
| * . |
|o o |
| . |
| |
+----[SHA256]-----+
创建 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys 文件,用于存放用户公钥，并设置仅git可读写权限:
[git@server ~]$ ls -lah .ssh/
total 8.0K
drwx------. 2 git git 38 Jun 4 21:45 .
drwx------. 3 git git 74 Jun 4 21:45 ..
-rw-------. 1 git git 1.7K Jun 4 21:45 id_rsa
-rw-r--r--. 1 git git 401 Jun 4 21:45 id_rsa.pub
[git@server ~]$ touch ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
[git@server ~]$ ls -lah ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
-rw-rw-r--. 1 git git 0 Jun 4 21:47 /home/git/.ssh/authorized_keys
[git@server ~]$ chmod 600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
[git@server ~]$ ls -lah ~/.ssh/
total 8.0K
drwx------. 2 git git 61 Jun 4 21:47 .
drwx------. 3 git git 74 Jun 4 21:45 ..
-rw-------. 1 git git 0 Jun 4 21:47 authorized_keys
-rw-------. 1 git git 1.7K Jun 4 21:45 id_rsa
-rw-r--r--. 1 git git 401 Jun 4 21:45 id_rsa.pub
创建第一个git仓库¶
在git家目录下面创建gitrepos目录存放git仓库文件:
[git@server ~]$ mkdir gitrepos
[git@server ~]$ cd gitrepos/
初始化空仓库firstrepo.git:
[git@server gitrepos]$ git init --bare firstrepo.git
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/git/gitrepos/firstrepo.git/
[git@server gitrepos]$ ls -lah
total 0
drwxrwxr-x. 3 git git 27 Jun 4 21:52 .
drwx------. 4 git git 90 Jun 4 21:52 ..
drwxrwxr-x. 7 git git 119 Jun 4 21:52 firstrepo.git
[git@server gitrepos]$ tree firstrepo.git/
firstrepo.git/
|-- branches
|-- config
|-- description
|-- HEAD
|-- hooks
| |-- applypatch-msg.sample
| |-- commit-msg.sample
| |-- fsmonitor-watchman.sample
| |-- post-update.sample
| |-- pre-applypatch.sample
| |-- pre-commit.sample
| |-- prepare-commit-msg.sample
| |-- pre-push.sample
| |-- pre-rebase.sample
| |-- pre-receive.sample
| `-- update.sample
|-- info
| `-- exclude
|-- objects
| |-- info
| `-- pack
`-- refs
|-- heads
`-- tags
9 directories, 15 files
[git@server gitrepos]$
客户端对git仓库下载和修改¶
配置客户端的密钥:
[root@client ~]# ssh-keygen
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory '/root/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:yZdAm2A3Ca873kziiZgKpue9jtNimStNiTSNXWwEWtQ root@client.hopewait
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
| .+=.+.+. |
| o E =.+ |
| .+ o = |
| + o o o . |
|.... . S o |
|. o . . |
|.+ + + . |
|= O=.+ B |
|o**==.+ o |
+----[SHA256]-----+
[root@client ~]# ls -lah ~/.ssh/
total 12K
drwx------. 2 root root 38 Jun 4 21:59 .
dr-xr-x---. 13 root root 4.0K Jun 4 21:59 ..
-rw-------. 1 root root 1.7K Jun 4 21:59 id_rsa
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 402 Jun 4 21:59 id_rsa.pub
用ssh-copy-id将公钥复制到服务端主机中:
[root@client ~]# ssh-copy-id
Usage: /usr/bin/ssh-copy-id [-h|-?|-f|-n] [-i [identity_file]] [-p port] [[-o <ssh -o options>] ...] [user@]hostname
-f: force mode -- copy keys without trying to check if they are already installed
-n: dry run -- no keys are actually copied
-h|-?: print this help
[root@client ~]# ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub git@192.168.56.14
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
The authenticity of host '192.168.56.14 (192.168.56.14)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:7rw7b1vOEC5UmjDAbdIJ6SCK4aoGk5e+48vi3ubjdjE.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:96:39:70:28:72:73:f5:34:61:6f:b6:37:da:90:58:48.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
git@192.168.56.14's password: <------- 说明：此处需要输入git账号的密码"hellogit"，输入错误的话，需要重新输入
Permission denied, please try again.
git@192.168.56.14's password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh 'git@192.168.56.14'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
[root@client ~]#
在服务端可以发现 .ssh/authorized_keys 中已经多出来新的数据:
[git@server ~]$ cat ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQCmMWCxoQNJodtcxktr3tO2QIV+xv8s2qqXlPcgKpFc7nBMAMXQYCKuImxY5CN9Y8Q2y17T3StlELQIlBjnE6HQ5MmyOXcQ7DVpcISKmRcrgmctnya0q/KZO3gFFminTC9pIoGcfsuRRKPgnjZDmrAQmo/pr1olAePim7Tzi9HzB+g4Rhun/LSFpIOuMinFGERm7B+nXtigcL6ilRBcgM8yA98/t0duLoLi+XVSCu1YEL7SLRVgZrXfSL1i17pDuFwzPS0jvrq9vi0Xu7LlzjA2AwZExj0lSiKCP7LILPt/w05qd4M/K0FW1Q7W277wyvojyLBUejzjR58uczkVdS8D root@client.hopewait
[git@server ~]$
客户端下载 firstrepo.git 仓库中文件:
[root@client ~]# git clone git@192.168.39.138:/home/git/gitrepos/firstrepo.git
Cloning into 'firstrepo'...
^C
[root@client ~]# git clone git@192.168.56.14:/home/git/gitrepos/firstrepo.git
Cloning into 'firstrepo'...
warning: You appear to have cloned an empty repository.
[root@client ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg firstrepo
设置客户端git用户名和邮件地址，用于后面向服务端提交时的用户日志信息:
[root@client firstrepo]# git config --global --list
fatal: unable to read config file '/root/.gitconfig': No such file or directory
[root@client firstrepo]# git config --global user.name "Zhaohui Mei"
[root@client firstrepo]# git config --global user.email "mzh.whut@gmail.com"
[root@client firstrepo]# git config --global --list
user.name=Zhaohui Mei
user.email=mzh.whut@gmail.com
向仓库中添加文件，并提交:
[root@client ~]# cd firstrepo/
[root@client firstrepo]# ls
[root@client firstrepo]# ls -lah
total 4.0K
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 18 Jun 4 22:14 .
dr-xr-x---. 13 root root 4.0K Jun 4 22:14 ..
drwxr-xr-x. 7 root root 119 Jun 4 22:14 .git
[root@client firstrepo]# git remote -v
origin git@192.168.56.14:/home/git/gitrepos/firstrepo.git (fetch)
origin git@192.168.56.14:/home/git/gitrepos/firstrepo.git (push)
[root@client firstrepo]# git branch
[root@client firstrepo]# echo "hello,git" > README
[root@client firstrepo]# git diff
[root@client firstrepo]# git status
On branch master
No commits yet
Untracked files:
(use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
README
nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)
[root@client firstrepo]# git add README
[root@client firstrepo]# git commit -m"add the first file"
[master (root-commit) e25d3d4] add the first file
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
create mode 100644 README
[root@client firstrepo]# git push origin master:master
Counting objects: 3, done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 227 bytes | 227.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
To 192.168.56.14:/home/git/gitrepos/firstrepo.git
* [new branch] master -> master
[root@client firstrepo]# git pull
Already up to date.
[root@client firstrepo]# git log
commit e25d3d4b2a161201a20334653b42e803f5f16505 (HEAD -> master, origin/master)
Author: Zhaohui Mei <mzh.whut@gmail.com>
Date: Tue Jun 4 22:22:39 2019 +0800
add the first file
[root@client firstrepo]#
在服务端也可以查看到刚才提交的修改:
[git@server firstrepo.git]$ git log
commit e25d3d4b2a161201a20334653b42e803f5f16505 (HEAD -> master)
Author: Zhaohui Mei <mzh.whut@gmail.com>
Date: Tue Jun 4 22:22:39 2019 +0800
add the first file
[git@server firstrepo.git]$
参考文献
Download for Linux and Unix https://www.git-scm.com/download/linux
创建版本库 https://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/896043488029600/896827951938304